Category: 2. Foundation

The pile foundation is a construction for the foundation supported on piles. A pile is an element of construction composed of timber, concrete or steel or a combination of them. Pile foundation may be defined as a column support type of foundation, which may be cast in situ or precast. The piles may be placed…

A raft or mat foundation is a joint footing that covers the entire area under the structure and supports the columns. Beams and slabs can also be constructed in Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) if required. When the allowable soil pressure is low or the structural load is very high, the use of spread footings will…

They are used to support individual columns. They can be either stepped type or projected into a concrete base. In the case of heavily loaded columns, steel reinforcement is provided in both directions in the concrete bed. Generally, an offset of 15 cm is provided on all sides of the concrete bed. In case of…

Each layer is at least twice the depth of the projections and its base width should be twice the width of the layer above it. In general, the projections provided are spaced 15 cm on either side. In normal cases the depth is usually limited to 0.9 m.

This is the most common type of foundation and can be placed using open excavation, allowing for natural slopes on all sides. This type of foundation is viable for a depth of about 5 meters and is usually conveniently located above the water table. The base of the structure is extended or extended to provide…

Scale effect: The ultimate bearing capacity of saturated soil is independent of plate size, but for cohesive soil it increases with plate size. To reduce the scale effect it is necessary to repeat the plate load test with two or three different sized plates, increase the bearing capacity for the original foundation and average the…

The load is applied to the column by dead weights such as sandbags or pig iron on lead bars or by a reaction frame which may be anchored to the soil by means of anchors or centered with steel joists. Can be jacked up against a heavily loaded platform. The bottom hydraulic jack should be…

The test pit should be at least five times wider than the test plate. The test plate is made to rest in a depression in the center of the pit equal to the size of the test plate and the bottom of which will correspond to the actual foundation level. The depth of the hole…

In this test, a loading platform, consisting of a steel or cast iron bearing plate or composite material made of wooden sleepers and steel joists, is gradually increased in load and the corresponding settlement values ​​are noted. A load- settlement curve is then drawn to find the ultimate bearing capacity based on cohesive and non-cohesive…

It is one of the most widely used methods for determining the bearing capacity of soil.