Category: 2. Levelling

A dumpy level consists of a telescopic tube firmly secured in two collars which are fixed by adjusting screws on a stage carried by a vertical spindle. In the modern form, the telescope tube and vertical spindle are cast in one piece and a long bubble tube is attached to the top of the telescope.…

There are main types of levels. Dirt level Y (or Y) levelReversible surfaceInclined surface

A telescope with a concave lens that focuses internally is called an internal focusing telescope. In an internal focusing telescope, the objective and eyepiece are kept at a fixed distance and focusing is achieved by a double concave lens mounted in a short tube that slides axially between the eyepiece and the objective. Enables and…

Binoculars in which focusing is achieved either by external movement of the objective glass or the eyepiece are known as external focusing binoculars. In an external focusing telescope, the body consists of two tubes with the objective and the eyepiece mounted on the ends. One tube is made to slide axially inside the other by…

A telescope is an optical instrument for magnifying and viewing images of distant objects. The telescope of a leveling instrument is a metal tube with an eyepiece at one end and a mirror at the other end. Telescopes, which are mounted in surfaces, are generally of two types. External focusing telescopeInternal focusing telescopeExternal focusing telescopes…

The surface presents a horizontal line of sight. The surface consists of the following main parts. A telescope to provide line of sightA level tube to make the line of sight horizontalA leveling head to bring the bubble into the center of the runA tripod to support the device.

To find the elevations of given points with respect to a given or assumed datum (a datum is an arbitrarily assumed surface level to which elevations are referenced).Establishing points at a given elevation with respect to a given or assumed datum.The following are the instruments used in leveling: A surfaceA leveling staffA measuring tape

Leveling is the art of determining the relative elevation of different objects or points on the earth’s surface. This is done by measuring in the vertical plane. Therefore, this branch of surveying deals with measurements in vertical planes.For the execution of civil engineering works such as major buildings, highways, dams, canals, water supply and sanitary…