Category: 1. Chain Surveying & Modernization in Land Surveying

A and B are two station points. Line AC is to be ranged. The two range bars at A and C are to be run vertically. The verticality of the rods is to be ensured with the help of a plumb bob. If the rods at A and C are truly vertical, a surveyor standing…

Ranging a line means establishing intermediate points on the line. This can be accomplished with visual observations and range rods, by sighting through an instrument called a ‘line ranger’ or by sighting a theodolite in precision work for long lines. Operations can be classified as follows:Direct ranging Indirect ranging Indirect Ranging: Here, the surveyor cannot find…

Ranging rod: 2-3 m in length, 30 mm diameter rod made of well-seasoned wood, alternately painted red and white or black and white at 200 mm long intervals. The range rod is provided with an iron shoe at its lower end and carries a 250 mm × 250 mm flag in red and white or…

On a common ground, station points are to be marked by driving wooden stakes into the ground. Wooden pegs made of hardwood are 25 mm × 25 mm cross section and 150 mm in length. Must be at least 50mm above the ground when operated.

It requires a lot of attention to handle. It is soft and easily damaged.

Very accurate.It is less sensitive to temperature changes than other tapes.

Tapes are available in a variety of materials, lengths and weights. The various types of tape in common use are described below . Cloth or linen tape: These are closely woven linen or synthetic materials and varnished to resist moisture. They are available in 10-30 m length and 12 to 15 mm width. Disadvantages of…

If great care is not taken in folding and unfolding the chain, the chain links can bend and the joint rings can be distorted, causing the chain to be different from its standard length. This will introduce measurement error when working in surveys. Furthermore, the chain cannot be boxed without being properly folded.Before putting it…

Gunter, revenue, engineer and metric chains are different types of chains, commonly used for surveying. Chains are mostly divided into 100 links. While the gunter’s chain is 66 feet long, the revenue chain is 33 feet long and the engineer’s chain is 100 feet long. Metric chains are either 30 meters or 20 meters long.…

Suppose a plan is required for a small area . The surveyor must first examine the land to determine how the work can best be arranged. This is known as a reconnaissance survey. In this process, the surveyor selects suitable ground points to be used as stations such as A, B, C, etc. Stations are…