Since the 1980s, the development of inexpensive CAD programs that can be run on personal computers has led to a massive downsizing of drafting departments in many small to medium-sized companies. As a general rule, a CAD operator can easily replace at least three to five drafters with conventional methods. Additionally, many engineers began doing their own drafting work, further eliminating the need for traditional drafting departments. This trend mirrored the elimination of many office jobs traditionally performed by a secretary. Now a days word processors, spreadsheets, databases, etc. became standard software packages that everyone was expected to learn. In the field of product development, there are often immense costs associated with the testing of a new product. Every new product must undergo at least a small measure of physical testing, not only to ensure that it meets minimum safety standards but also to ensure that it will successfully operate under the range of conditions to which it can expect to be exposed. For instance, wing of an aeroplane must undergo stress tests to ensure that it will retain its integrity even under the most gruelling weather and turbulence conditions before it is approved for use.
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