Author: Ibrahim

Quick alignment of the instrument on a tripod using a laser plummet.The onboard area computation program will calculate the area of ​​the field and the area computation is more accurate.Graphical view of plots and land for quick visualization.As soon as the field work is finished, a dimensioned area map is prepared after data transfer.Multiple plotting…

The total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite, an electronic distance measuring device (EDM) and a microprocessor with a memory unit. With this device, one can determine the angles and distances to the points to be surveyed from the device. Using trigonometry, angles and distances can be used to calculate the actual positions…

An EDM is an electronic device that is easily used to measure distance. To measure distances between two points, the instrument is set up at one point and a pole with a prism is placed vertically at the other point. The EDM device transmits an infrared beam that is reflected back into the unit by…

One should not talk loudly in the field as it will lead to exhaustion. Hence the following hand signals should be followed during the range of the line.

A and B are two station points. Line AC is to be ranged. The two range bars at A and C are to be run vertically. The verticality of the rods is to be ensured with the help of a plumb bob. If the rods at A and C are truly vertical, a surveyor standing…

Ranging a line means establishing intermediate points on the line. This can be accomplished with visual observations and range rods, by sighting through an instrument called a ‘line ranger’ or by sighting a theodolite in precision work for long lines. Operations can be classified as follows:Direct ranging Indirect ranging Indirect Ranging: Here, the surveyor cannot find…

Ranging rod: 2-3 m in length, 30 mm diameter rod made of well-seasoned wood, alternately painted red and white or black and white at 200 mm long intervals. The range rod is provided with an iron shoe at its lower end and carries a 250 mm × 250 mm flag in red and white or…

On a common ground, station points are to be marked by driving wooden stakes into the ground. Wooden pegs made of hardwood are 25 mm × 25 mm cross section and 150 mm in length. Must be at least 50mm above the ground when operated.

It requires a lot of attention to handle. It is soft and easily damaged.

Very accurate.It is less sensitive to temperature changes than other tapes.