Accessories which are used

Ranging rod: 2-3 m in length, 30 mm diameter rod made of well-seasoned wood, alternately painted red and white or black and white at 200 mm long intervals. The range rod is provided with an iron shoe at its lower end and carries a 250 mm × 250 mm flag in red and white or yellow and white to distinguish it from distance. It is used to find points lying on a line, i.e. inside the boundary of the line. It is also used to mark station points when the wooden stakes for this purpose are not visible from the working distance.Ranging poles: These are ranging rods with longer lengths varying from 4 to 6 m. These is employed to range long lines on undulatory grounds.

Offset rods: It is almost the same as the ranging rod with the only difference that here the flag at the top is replaced by a stout ring or a hook for pulling or pushing the chain. It is employed to take short offsets in ordinary works.

Arrows: Accompanying each chain are 10 arrows. They are also called marking chains or pins and are used to mark the end of each chain during the process of chaining .

Pegs: Wooden pegs are used to mark the positions of the stations. They are made of hard timber and are tapered at one end. They are usually 2.5 cm² and 15 cm long. But in soft grounds, pegs 40–60 cm long and 4-5 cm² are suitable .

Cross staff: The cross staff is used for finding the foot of the perpendicular from a given point of a line and for setting out a right angle at a given point of a line. There are three forms of cross staff, namely the open cross staff, the French and the adjustable cross staff .

Open cross staff: The simplest form of the cross staff is the open cross staff. It consists of the head and the leg. The head is simply a wooden block octagonal or round around 15 cm side or diameter and 4 cm deep.To find the foot of the perpendicular from a given point to a given chain line, i.e., to take the offset, the cross staff is planted or held vertically on the chain line where the offset is likely to occur and turned until one pair of opposite slits is directed to a ranging rod at the forward end of the chain line. Looking through the other pair of slits, it is seen if the point to which the offset is to be taken is bisected. If not, the cross staff is moved forward or backward on the chain line until the line of sight through the pair of slits at right angles to the chain line bisects the point.